Storytelling in Instructional Design

Storytelling in Instructional Design

Storytelling can be a very powerful tool in learning design. Storytelling is one tool in the instructional design toolbox. It helps to understand how to act and react to certain situations. Stories engage our thinking, our emotions, and imagination all at once. They bring coherence to the chaos of information and experiences we are exposed to, organizing and connecting them in a meaningful way. This facilitates engagement, favoring attention, sense making, and action. Stories have the power to make a point more fascinating and memorable, adding credibility to an idea. As a story resonates with the listeners they are more comfortable to take in the message and act upon it.

The human brain is much more used to remember facts told in a narrative format than in a simply descriptive one because human beings are wired by stories. As the authors of Influencer: The Power to Change Anything put it “Simply giving the take-away message of an experience often leaves people unmoved while telling the full story changes hearts and minds.”

Research has determined that our memory is organized in compartments. The sensory memory normally takes in all the informative stimulus, discharging just a portion considered to be useless. John Medina, author of Brain Rules says that “we do not pay attention to boring things. We get through them, but it’s not sinking in.” The short-term memory has very limited space. There is a scanning process where the brain will be looking for “connections” to facilitate storage in the long-term memory and later retrieval. Learning occurs only in the long-term memory. This is where information can be retrieved and acted upon.

Storytelling is an instructional tool with which designers deliver information dynamically as opposed to the conventional method where information is delivered statically. Since memory is the process of creating, storing and retrieving, the more we create relationships with the human nature the greater the chance the message being communicated will be retained. Stories influence attention, memory and decision-making.

Learning designers normally use stories with two main purposes:

1) to deliver information through a narrative that is based on facts and experiences, but which would be more difficult to retain if presented in a descriptive format (e.g. case study);

2) to assess the learning progress where the stories appear under the form of problem based or case based exercises.^[1][2]

Storytelling can provide variety in the learning experience and enhance the “chalk and talk” approach. They can be used at the very beginning of a sequence to gain the attention of the learner, in the middle when introducing a complex concept or at the end as a way to summarize information.^[3]

Stories engage our thinking, emotions, and imagination all at once. As listeners we participate in the story with both mind and body as we enter the narrative world and react to it. Storytelling is a human art form that teaches about the human experience.^[4]

It bonded the early human communities, giving children the answers to the biggest questions of creation, life, and the afterlife. Stories define us, shape us, control us, and make us. Not every human culture in the world is literate, but every single culture tells stories.^[5]

"Our wisdom, our intuitive knowing is imbedded in the stories we tell. Storytelling is the oldest form of communication. The first thing people do upon meeting each other is begin telling stories. According to brain/mind research, we organize information in story form. It is how we make sense of the world around us. And it is how we communicate that understanding to another. Stories allow us to bypass the linear and access whole brain learning."^[6]

Stories have also the feature to remain in long term memory and help to solve everyday problems, ensure survival, and pass on this wisdom to other generations. For all these reasons they can be great ways of presenting instruction to learners. In particular because:

• Humans are wired to stories;

• We pay attention to stories and want to know the ending;

• It helps us connect our own lives with stories;

• We remember good stories;

• Inspires purposeful talking, and not just about the story-there are many games you can play;

• Raises the enthusiasm for reading texts to find stories, reread them, etc;

• Initiates writing because children will quickly want to write stories and tell them;

• Enhances the community in the room;

• Improves listening skills. ^[7]

How ordinary learning design compares with storytelling for learning?

Outlining a story

Using storytelling to deliver information in the instructional design process implies following few steps, also known as the ADDIE model: design as storytelling Step 1. Analyse: • Identify the conflict: consists in identifying the problem that needs to be solved to achieve the performance wanted. • Getting to know the learners: Who are the learners? How does one of their day to day lives look like? • Consider the learners’ environment. • Decide the form of the story: What kind of story shall be used? A fictional story? A longer story? What multimedia supporting elements should the story include? Step 2. Design: Design the plot of the story. • Introduction: How do we relate the instructional story to their own lives? • Escalating action: the information is delivered progressively starting with the most basic concepts and ending with the most complex ones. The modules need to be scaffolded. • Climax (the peak): assessment activities should challenge the learners in accordance with what has been previously provided engaging the learners in critical thinking. • Resolution: provide learners support to transfer the information provided into their lives. At the end they have to see the relevance of the training they have been provided with. Step 3. Development/Implementation/Evaluation: • These three stages take place almost simultaneously when creating an instructional story. Evaluate the objectives, design and instructional methods constantly throughout the development and implementation phase. • Keep only the content that supports the plot (need-to-know content). • Answer the questions: What facts, concepts and principles could support the learners in solving their real life problems? Did you provide them with the big picture? In other words: do they know the context? • Hand out the story for reviewers to see the story from the eyes of the audience. [9][10] See also: Storytelling, Instructional Design, Problem-based learning, Case-based learning, ADDIE

Additional Materials

Web Resources

Below you have a list of resources that provide additional information on different aspects of Storytelling.

References

1. ↑ Problem based learning http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/en/Problem-based_learning
2. ↑ Case based learning http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/en/Case-based_learning#Instructional_Models
3. ↑ When to Use Stories https://www.nyu.edu/faculty/teaching-and-learning-resources/strategies-for-teaching-with-tech/storytelling-teching-and-learning/when-to-use-stories.html
4. ↑ Storytelling in Teaching and Learning https://www.nyu.edu/faculty/teaching-and-learning-resources/strategies-for-teaching-with-tech/storytelling-teching-and-learning.html
5. ↑ Why Storytelling in the Classroom Matters https://www.edutopia.org/blog/storytelling-in-the-classroom-matters-matthew-friday
6. ↑ Learning and Growing Through Stories http://education.jhu.edu/PD/newhorizons/lifelonglearning/early-childhood/learning-growing
7. ↑ Why Storytelling in the Classroom Matters https://www.edutopia.org/blog/storytelling-in-the-classroom-matters-matthew-friday
8. ↑ 8 classic storytelling techniques http://www.sparkol.com/engage/8-classic-storytelling-techniques-for-engaging-presentations/
9. ↑ Storytelling and Instructional Design http://instructionaldesignfusions.wordpress.com/2010/07/13/the-instructional-designer-as-storyteller/
10. ↑ Instructional Design https://instructionaldesignfusions.wordpress.com/category/instructional-design-approaches/digital-storytelling/
11. ↑ 8 classic storytelling techniques http://www.sparkol.com/engage/8-classic-storytelling-techniques-for-engaging-presentations/