Difference between revisions of "Bloom’s Taxonomy"

Difference between revisions of "Bloom’s Taxonomy"

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{{Term|BLOOM’S TAXONOMY|Classification of the different objectives and skills that educators set for learners. It is a hierarchical classification, which means that learning at the higher levels is dependent on having attained prerequisite [[Knowledge|knowledge]] and skills at lower levels. It divides educational objectives into three domains and each domain is again divided into different categories, according to the table below. Both the three main domains and their categories are listed from the simplest to the most complex.
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{{Term|BLOOM’S TAXONOMY|Classification of the different objectives and skills that educators set for learners. It is a hierarchical classification, which means that learning at higher levels is dependent on having attained prerequisite [[knowledge]] and skills at lower levels. It divides educational objectives into three domains, namely Cognitive, Affective and Psychomotor. Each domain is further divided into sub-categories.  
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One of the goals of Bloom's Taxonomy is to motivate educators to focus on all three domains, creating a more holistic form of education.}}
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{| style="border:1px solid #8c96d4;background:#8c96d4;color:white;"   
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In Bloom’s Taxonomy<ref> Anderson and Krathwohl (2000) provide a slightly different interpretation of the kind of thinking involved at each stage, as learning progresses from lower to higher levels. Since ‘thinking’ is an action, the progression in learning is shown by using verbs instead of nouns.</ref>, the Cognitive domain relates to knowledge and intellect while the Affective domain deals with values and perception, and the Psychomotor domain focuses on developing or acquiring skills. One of the goals of the taxonomy is to motivate educators to focus on all three domains, creating a more holistic form of education. <ref> [http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/bloom.html www.nwlink.com] (22 April 2010), [http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/bloomtax.htm www.learningandteaching.info] (22 April 2010), [http://artsliteracyarts.wikispaces.com/file/view/Bloom%27s+taxonomy+updated.Anderson+and+Krathwohl.pdf http://artsliteracyarts.wikispaces.com],  [http://www.celt.mmu.ac.uk/eqal/learning_outcomes/writing_assessable_outcomes.php http://www.celt.mmu.ac.uk], [http://www.niu.edu/facdev/programs/handouts/blooms_origrevised.doc http://www.niu.edu/], [http://www.utar.edu.my/fegt/file/Revised_Blooms_Info.pdf http://www.utar.edu.my], [https://sites.google.com/a/caldwellschools.com/think-now/home/taxonomies-of-the-cognitive-domain https://sites.google.com/a/caldwellschools.com], [http://www.celt.iastate.edu/teaching/RevisedBlooms1.html http://www.celt.iastate.edu], [http://www97.intel.com/my/ProjectDesign/ThinkingSkills/ThinkingFrameworks/Bloom_Taxonomy4.htm http://www97.intel.com] (16 July 2012), [http://serc.carleton.edu/resources/22681.html http://serc.carleton.edu] (31 July 2012); Wasowski, Richard P., The Notebook Teacher's Guide, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 2009. </ref>
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See also: [[A.D.D.I.E Model]]; [[Learning Objectives]]}}
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{| style="border:1px solid #7F4F1F;background:#FFFAF0;color:white;"   
 
|-  
 
|-  
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! width= "550pt" | <font color= white> Level </font>
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! width= "100pt" | <font color= #7F4F1F> Domain </font>
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! width= "550pt" | <font color= white> Related categories  </font>
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! width= "300pt" | <font color= #7F4F1F> Sub-categories </font>
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! width= "600pt" | <font color= #7F4F1F> What Learners Do </font>
 
|- style="border:1px solid #D87A35;background:white;color:black;"   
 
|- style="border:1px solid #D87A35;background:white;color:black;"   
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| Cognitive, related to intellectual skills  
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|                 '''Cognitive'''
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| knowledge (recall information), comprehension (recall and interpretation of information; e.g. paraphrase), application (use abstract information in concrete situations), analysis (divide information into constituent parts), synthesis (build a structure or pattern from many disorganised elements), evaluation (assess the value of information)
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(intellectual skills)
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| Affective, related to feelings or emotional areas  
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|  
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| receiving ( be willing to hear and open to experience); responding (react);valuing (attach values to a praticular object or behavior); organization (priotize values and adapt behaviour to value system); characterisation or internalization (build a value system, integrate values into a philosophy of life).
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*Knowledge
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| Psychomotor, related to manual or physical skills
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*Comprehension
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| Reflex (unvoluntary movements); fundamental movements (movements typical of young children, such as run and crawl); perceptual abilities (e.g. distinguish); physical abilities (change speed or direction of movements); skilled movements (e.g. swim);
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*Application
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non-discursive communication (e.g. mime). <ref> [http://www.ec.europa.eu/education www.ec.europa.eu] (7 March 2008)</ref>
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*Analysis
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*Synthesis
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*Evaluation
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*Remember
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*Understand
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*Apply
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*Analyze
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*Evaluate
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*Create
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|
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*Recall information
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*Recall and interpret information
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*Use abstract information in concrete situations
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*Divide information into constituent parts  
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*Build a structure or pattern from many disorganized elements  
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*Assess the value of information
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*Retrieve from memory
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*Make sense of information
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*Use information that is learned
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*Use mental processes to differentiate between parts of information and determine connections
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*Interpret and reason to determine implications and make recommendations
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*Combine parts to form a whole/new configuration
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|- style="border:1px solid #D87A35;background:white;color:black;" 
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|                 '''Affective'''
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(emotional areas)
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|  
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*Receiving
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*Responding
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*Valuing
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*Organization
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*Characterization or internalization
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|
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*Be willing to hear and be open to experience
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*React
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*Attach values to a particular object or behaviour
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*Prioritize values and adapt behaviour to value system
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*Integrate values into a philosophy of life
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|- style="border:1px solid #D87A35;background:white;color:black;" 
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|                '''Psychomotor'''
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(manual or physical skills)
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|  
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*Reflex  
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*Fundamental movements  
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*Perceptual abilities
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*Physical abilities
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*Skilled movements
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*Non-discursive communication
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|
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*Involuntary movements
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*Movements typical of young children
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*Distinguish
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*Change speed or direction of movements
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*For example: swim
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*For example: mime
 
|}
 
|}
  
  
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During the [[Learning Process|learning process]], it is possible to attain knowledge in four forms as indicated in the table below. Note that, on this continuum, Factual knowledge is classified as the more concrete form of knowledge while Meta-cognitive knowledge is classified as the more abstract form of knowledge.
  
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{{Addlink|
 
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}}
 
  
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{|border=1
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{| style="border:1px solid #7F4F1F;background:#FFFAF0;color:white;" 
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!Link
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|-
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!Content
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! width= "200pt" | <font color= #7F4F1F> Knowledge type </font>
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|-
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! width= "800pt" | <font color= #7F4F1F> Description </font>
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|[http://www.krummefamily.org/guides/bloom.html Major Categories in the Taxonomy of Educational Objectives ]
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|- style="border:2px solid #D87A35;background:white;color:black;" 
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|Categories in the cognitive domain each defined with outcome-illustrative verbs: Knowledge - Comprehension - Application - Analysis - Synthesis - Evaluation.
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| '''Factual'''
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|
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Basic information to understand subjects or solve problems. Examples: terminology, facts.
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|- style="border:2px solid #D87A35;background:white;color:black;" 
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| '''Conceptual'''
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|
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Knowledge of interconnections between elements that form a coherent whole. Examples: principles, theories.
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|- style="border:2px solid #D87A35;background:white;color:black;"  
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| '''Procedural'''
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|
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Specialised skills and techniques needed to perform tasks. Examples: methods, procedures.
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|- style="border:2px solid #D87A35;background:white;color:black;" 
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|'''Meta-cognitive'''
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|
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Tactical know-how for understanding and problem-solving, and self-awareness of the ideal conditions or processes for one’s own cognition. Example: self-knowledge about strategies to grasp knowledge, tools to comprehend complicated tasks.
 
|}
 
|}
  
  
  
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{{Addlink|Below you have a list of resources that provide additional information on different aspects of Bloom’s Taxonomy.}}
  
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{|border=1
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!Link
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!Content
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|-
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|[http://www.erudium.polymtl.ca/html-eng/education/education4d.php Benjamin Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives/Erudium website]
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|Keywords and activities related to categories in the cognitive domain. The activities mentioned may be taken into consideration when designing a course. The website is available also in French.
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|-
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|[http://www.businessballs.com/bloomstaxonomyoflearningdomains.htm Benjamin Bloom's Taxonomy of Learning Domains: Design and Evaluation Toolkit for Training and Learning]
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|Activities to be trained for each domain, as well as demonstration and evidence to be measured.
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|-
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|[http://eductechalogy.org/swfapp/blooms/wheel/engage.swf Bloom’s digital taxonomy, Wheel and Knowledge Dimension]
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|This is an interactive tool that gives concrete examples of activities for the Cognitive domain of Bloom’s Taxonomy including explanations of the associated types of knowledge.
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|-
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|[http://www.ucdenver.edu/faculty_staff/faculty/center-for-faculty-development/Documents/Tutorials/Assessment/index.htm Assessment & Instructional Alignment]
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|A 45-minute tutorial that shows how Bloom’s Taxonomy can be used to align course objectives, activities and assessments for enhancing learner experience.
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|-
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|[http://pinterest.com/click4it/blooms-taxonomy/ Pinterest Board on Bloom's Taxonomy]
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(Infographics)
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|Check out Click4it's Pinterest Board on Bloom's Taxonomy and discover more on Bloom's Taxonomy!
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|-
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|[http://www.edudemic.com/2013/05/blooms-taxonomy/ 4 different visual guides to Bloom’s Taxonomy]
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|An article explaining the meaning of Bloom’s Taxonomy through some pictures.
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|}
  
 
== References ==
 
== References ==
 
<references/>
 
<references/>

Latest revision as of 16:12, 26 July 2013

Term2.png BLOOM’S TAXONOMY
Classification of the different objectives and skills that educators set for learners. It is a hierarchical classification, which means that learning at higher levels is dependent on having attained prerequisite knowledge and skills at lower levels. It divides educational objectives into three domains, namely Cognitive, Affective and Psychomotor. Each domain is further divided into sub-categories.

In Bloom’s Taxonomy[1], the Cognitive domain relates to knowledge and intellect while the Affective domain deals with values and perception, and the Psychomotor domain focuses on developing or acquiring skills. One of the goals of the taxonomy is to motivate educators to focus on all three domains, creating a more holistic form of education. [2]

See also: A.D.D.I.E Model; Learning Objectives
Domain Sub-categories What Learners Do
Cognitive

(intellectual skills)

  • Knowledge
  • Comprehension
  • Application
  • Analysis
  • Synthesis
  • Evaluation


  • Remember
  • Understand
  • Apply
  • Analyze
  • Evaluate
  • Create
  • Recall information
  • Recall and interpret information
  • Use abstract information in concrete situations
  • Divide information into constituent parts
  • Build a structure or pattern from many disorganized elements
  • Assess the value of information


  • Retrieve from memory
  • Make sense of information
  • Use information that is learned
  • Use mental processes to differentiate between parts of information and determine connections
  • Interpret and reason to determine implications and make recommendations
  • Combine parts to form a whole/new configuration
Affective

(emotional areas)

  • Receiving
  • Responding
  • Valuing
  • Organization
  • Characterization or internalization
  • Be willing to hear and be open to experience
  • React
  • Attach values to a particular object or behaviour
  • Prioritize values and adapt behaviour to value system
  • Integrate values into a philosophy of life
Psychomotor

(manual or physical skills)

  • Reflex
  • Fundamental movements
  • Perceptual abilities
  • Physical abilities
  • Skilled movements
  • Non-discursive communication
  • Involuntary movements
  • Movements typical of young children
  • Distinguish
  • Change speed or direction of movements
  • For example: swim
  • For example: mime


During the learning process, it is possible to attain knowledge in four forms as indicated in the table below. Note that, on this continuum, Factual knowledge is classified as the more concrete form of knowledge while Meta-cognitive knowledge is classified as the more abstract form of knowledge.


Knowledge type Description
Factual

Basic information to understand subjects or solve problems. Examples: terminology, facts.

Conceptual

Knowledge of interconnections between elements that form a coherent whole. Examples: principles, theories.

Procedural

Specialised skills and techniques needed to perform tasks. Examples: methods, procedures.

Meta-cognitive

Tactical know-how for understanding and problem-solving, and self-awareness of the ideal conditions or processes for one’s own cognition. Example: self-knowledge about strategies to grasp knowledge, tools to comprehend complicated tasks.


Link icon.png Web Resources
Below you have a list of resources that provide additional information on different aspects of Bloom’s Taxonomy.
Link Content
Benjamin Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives/Erudium website Keywords and activities related to categories in the cognitive domain. The activities mentioned may be taken into consideration when designing a course. The website is available also in French.
Benjamin Bloom's Taxonomy of Learning Domains: Design and Evaluation Toolkit for Training and Learning Activities to be trained for each domain, as well as demonstration and evidence to be measured.
Bloom’s digital taxonomy, Wheel and Knowledge Dimension This is an interactive tool that gives concrete examples of activities for the Cognitive domain of Bloom’s Taxonomy including explanations of the associated types of knowledge.
Assessment & Instructional Alignment A 45-minute tutorial that shows how Bloom’s Taxonomy can be used to align course objectives, activities and assessments for enhancing learner experience.
Pinterest Board on Bloom's Taxonomy

(Infographics)

Check out Click4it's Pinterest Board on Bloom's Taxonomy and discover more on Bloom's Taxonomy!
4 different visual guides to Bloom’s Taxonomy An article explaining the meaning of Bloom’s Taxonomy through some pictures.

References

  1. ↑ Anderson and Krathwohl (2000) provide a slightly different interpretation of the kind of thinking involved at each stage, as learning progresses from lower to higher levels. Since ‘thinking’ is an action, the progression in learning is shown by using verbs instead of nouns.
  2. ↑ www.nwlink.com (22 April 2010), www.learningandteaching.info (22 April 2010), http://artsliteracyarts.wikispaces.com, http://www.celt.mmu.ac.uk, http://www.niu.edu/, http://www.utar.edu.my, https://sites.google.com/a/caldwellschools.com, http://www.celt.iastate.edu, http://www97.intel.com (16 July 2012), http://serc.carleton.edu (31 July 2012); Wasowski, Richard P., The Notebook Teacher's Guide, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 2009.
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